GEOLOGY

        Geology is an earth science. People who study it are called geologists, geologiawan, or geologist. Geology, the science that studies the Earth as a whole; the establishment, composition, history and natural processes that have been and are being held (made the earth as it is today). 

         Modern geology developed in the late -18, James Hutton is the father of modern geology. In 1795, James Hutton published his book: Theory of the Earth where he sparked the doctrine of uniformitarianism ("The present is the key to the past", it means style or processes that shape Earth's surface as we observe today, has been ongoing since the formation of Earth). 

      In 1912, Alfred Wegener's theory of floating continents trigger, the "suspect" that at first the continent of South America and Africa together, and then split up into as it is now separated by the Atlantic ocean. Since 1960 the developing theory of flotation Continental (Continental Drift) which is now known as the Theory of Plate Tectonics. This theory can explain and menyderhanakan lot about natural phenomena previously considered mysterious. As a coming earthquake is a sudden and volcano suddenly erupted. 

         In addition another important thing is the change in paradigm presence of hydrocarbons and also berkembnagnya mineral exploration methods and hidokarbon. Science of geology is a science that is very real (practical science), because the science of geology based on observations and can be proven (tested). Knowledge of chemistry, physics, mathematics and biology would be adequate support in the study of geology. 

       Geology continues to evolve and is divided into the sciences that form the basis of geology. Branches of the science of geology are: Mineralogy, Petrology, stratigraphy, paleontology, Geological Structure, Geomorphology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and so forth. 

           To enter into a more complex geological sciences required sufficient knowledge about the natural condition of the earth as we see in our daily lives. Earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes storms, and many more species are the result or product of a process that can be learned in the science of geology is more specific. 


Tectonic development of the Order Indonesia
          At 50 million years ago (Early Eocene), after a small continent of India collided with the Himalayas, the southeastern tip of the Eurasian continent tersesarkan farther to the southeast and forming the western part of Indonesia. At that time the eastern part of Indonesia is still a sea (ocean Philippines and the Pacific Ocean). Subduction lanes that work since the late Mesozoic to the west of Sumatra, Java and connect to the south circular to the southeast - east Kalimantan - West Sulawesi, began to weaken in the Paleocene and Eocene stop.

         At 45 million years ago. North arm of Sulawesi ophiolite formed along with the path Jamboles. While the East Sulawesi ophiolite lines are still in the southern hemisphere. In the past 20 jutatahun micro-continents collided with the East Sulawesi Ofiloit lines, and Maluku Sea formed as part of Lot pilipina. South China Sea began to open and track tunjaman in northern Sarawak - Sabah to become active. At 10 million years ago, micro-continent Tailor Iron - Buton ophiolite collided with a line in Southeast Sulawesi, double tunjaman occurred in the Maluku Sea, Sea of ​​Sarawak and North Borneo formed. At 5 million years ago, the Banggai-Sula micro-continent collided with the East Sulawesi ophiolite path, and began to actively support tilted to the north of Irian Jaya-Papua New Guinea.

        Geological time scale used by geologists and other scientists to explain the relationship between time and events that occurred throughout Earth's history. Table of geological periods are displayed on this page adapted to time and nomenclature proposed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, and uses a standard color code of the United States Geological Survey.

       Evidence from the dating radiometry indicate that the Earth was about 4570 million years. Earth's geologic time organized into several units according to events that occur in each period. Each time on the time scale is usually characterized by large geological or paleontological events, such as mass extinctions. For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene extinction event is defined by baerbagai dinosaurs and marine species. The older period, which did not have a reliable fossil age estimates, are defined by absolute age.

         Erosion is soil erosion by wind events, water or ice. Erosion can occur due to natural causes or is caused by human activity. Natural causes of erosion include rainfall characteristics, slope, plant cover and the soil's ability to absorb and release water into a shallow layer of soil. Erosion caused by human activity are generally caused by deforestation, mining, plantation and cultivation.

       The impact of erosion is the depletion of the upper soil surface layer, which will cause menurunnnya land capability (land degradation). Another result of soil erosion is a decreased ability to absorb water (infiltration). Decreased ability to absorb water to land in the soil layer will increase surface water runoff that would result in flooding on the river. In addition grains are transported by surface runoff will eventually settle to the river (sediment) which further due to high sedimentation will result in the silting of the river so as to affect the smoothness of the cruise line.